When large systems fail, they often appear to collapse overnight. The appearance of suddenness is usually misleading. Most complex systems weaken gradually — until the adjustments themselves become part of the problem.
Where Structural Drift Is Most Likely to Emerge Drift does not distribute itself evenly. Some systems absorb change with minimal disruption. Others
Common Failure Patterns of Large Systems Large systems rarely fail in dramatic fashion at the outset. They weaken in recognisable ways long
Drift in Practice: How Energy Markets Slowly Lose Coherence Energy markets continue to function. Power is delivered. Prices clear. Institutions meet their
The risk of drift in large systems Introduction: when nothing breaks, but nothing improves Large systems rarely fail all at once. More
